This work can BEST be described as
a) Etruscan
b) Hellenistic Greek
c) Early Christian
d) Byzantine
Answer: C
This work can BEST be described as
a) Etruscan
b) Hellenistic Greek
c) Early Christian
d) Byzantine
Answer: C
a) Etruscan
b) Hellenistic Greek
c) Early Christian
d) Byzantine
Answer: C
Which of the following artists is NOT associated with the Romantic movement?
Which of the following artists is NOT associated with the Romantic movement?
a) Peter Paul Rubens
b) Francisco Goya
c) Eugene Delacroix
d) Theodore Gericault
Answer: A
This work was painted by
This work was painted by
a) Rembrandt
b) Caravaggio
c) Ribera
d) Rubens
Answer: D
Which of the following is NOT a feature or characteristic of Rogier van der Weyden's Deposition?
Which of the following is NOT a feature or characteristic of Rogier van der Weyden's Deposition?
a) restraint and calm
b) shallow field of depth
c) extreme naturalistic detail
d) realistic portraiture
Answer: A
This work was created during the
This work was created during the
a) 14th century
b) 15th century
c) 16th century
d) 17th century
Answer: C
The elongated figures and ambiguity of space seen in El Greco's Burial of Count Orgaz, especially in the depiction of a heavenly realm, links the work MOSTLY to what movement?
The elongated figures and ambiguity of space seen in El Greco's Burial of Count Orgaz, especially in the depiction of a heavenly realm, links the work MOSTLY to what movement?
a) Gothic
b) Mannerism
c) Baroque
d) Rococo
Answer: B
All of the following architectural elements are depicted here EXCEPT
All of the following architectural elements are depicted here EXCEPT
a) mullions
b) coffers
c) pilasters
d) spandrels
Answer: A
Michelangelo's Last Judgment fresco was painted during the papacy of
Michelangelo's Last Judgment fresco was painted during the papacy of
a) Julius II
b) Paul III
c) Urban VIII
d) Leo X
Answer: B
This "unknown" work is
This "unknown" work is
a) Etruscan
b) Late Roman
c) Hellenistic
d) Classical Greek
Answer: C
Which of the following was created last?
Which of the following was created last?
a) Etruscan sarcophagus with reclining couple
b) Dying Gaul from Pergamon
c) Grave Stele of Hegeso
d) Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus
Answer: D
This is a copy of an original that is
This is a copy of an original that is
a) Etruscan
b) Late Classical Greek
c) Hellenistic Greek
d) Late Roman
Answer: C
Grunewald's Isenheim Altarpiece was created primarily for
Grunewald's Isenheim Altarpiece was created primarily for
a) a private chapel for a wealthy banker
b) a guild for display in a town hall
c) a refectory in a monastery
d) a chapel attached to a hospital
Answer: D
This fresco is found in a chapel commissioned by
This fresco is found in a chapel commissioned by
a) Nicolas Rolin
b) Andres Nunez
c) Enrico Scrovegni
d) Domenico Lenzi
Answer: C
Which of the following artists worked primarily during the 14th century?
Which of the following artists worked primarily during the 14th century?
a) Masaccio
b) Giotto
c) Caravaggio
d) El Greco
Answer: B
This work was created by
This work was created by
a) Rogier van der Weyden
b) Matthias Grunewald
c) Peter Paul Rubens
d) Jan van Eyck
Answer: A
Which of the following works was created first?
Which of the following works was created first?
a) Grunewald's Isenheim Altarpiece
b) Michelangelo's Last Judgment
c) Masaccio's Holy Trinity
d) Caravaggio's Death of the Virgin
Answer: C
This work was painted by
This work was painted by
a) Francisco de Zurburan
b) Caravaggio
c) Jusepe de Ribera
d) Peter Paul Rubens
Answer: A
Which of the following events occurred just prior to Michelangelo's painting his Last Judgement fresco in the Sistine Chapel, possibly explaining the work's pessimistic tone?
Which of the following events occurred just prior to Michelangelo's painting his Last Judgement fresco in the Sistine Chapel, possibly explaining the work's pessimistic tone?
a) St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
b) Siege of Malta defeating Turkish forces
c) Great Western Schism
d) Sack of Rome by Spanish troops
Answer: D
This sarcophagus is
This sarcophagus is
a) Greek
b) Etruscan
c) Late Roman
d) Early Christian
Answer: C
The Bayeux Tapestry was created during the
The Bayeux Tapestry was created during the
a) 10th century
b) 11th century
c) 12th century
d) 13th century
Answer: B
The artist who created this work is
The artist who created this work is
a) Skopas
b) Douris
c) Euphronios
d) Exekias
Answer: D
The so-called Peplos Kore is now thought to be a depiction of a
The so-called Peplos Kore is now thought to be a depiction of a
a) goddess
b) soldier
c) prostitute
d) god
Answer: A
This fresco was discovered in the
This fresco was discovered in the
a) Tomb of the Leopards at Tarquinia
b) Tomb of the Reliefs at Cerveteri
c) Tomb of the Augurs at Tarquinia
d) Francois Tomb in Vulci
Answer: A
Which of the following is NOT an Etruscan site?
Which of the following is NOT an Etruscan site?
a) Vulci
b) Paestum
c) Cerveteri
d) Tarquinia
Answer: B
This sculpture is associated with which of the following periods?
This sculpture is associated with which of the following periods?
a) Archaic Greek
b) Classical Greek
c) Late Classical Greek
d) Hellenistic Greek
Answer: D
The shapes on the Geometric Greek krater can BEST be described as
The shapes on the Geometric Greek krater can BEST be described as
a) stylized
b) naturalistic
c) idealized
d) illusionistic
Answer: A
This object is made of
This object is made of
a) terracotta
b) jade
c) wood
d) marble
Answer: B
In Chinese art, a bi disk is generally associated with
In Chinese art, a bi disk is generally associated with
a) the earth
b) the oceans
c) the mountains
d) the heavens
Answer: D
These terra-cotta soldiers were created during the
These terra-cotta soldiers were created during the
a) 3rd century BCE
b) 1st century BCE
c) 2nd century CE
d) 4th century CE
Answer: A
Images created on the walls of Etruscan tombs suggest a view of the afterlife that can BEST be described as
Images created on the walls of Etruscan tombs suggest a view of the afterlife that can BEST be described as
a) celebratory and festive
b) gloomy and dark
c) misty and vast
d) orderly and authoritative
Answer: A
This sculpture can BEST be described as
This sculpture can BEST be described as
a) Greek
b) Chinese
c) Persian
d) Etruscan
Answer: D
Etruscan tombs are in the shape of mounds known as
Etruscan tombs are in the shape of mounds known as
a) conches
b) tumuli
c) kraters
d) fibulas
Answer: B
This fresco was discovered in the
This fresco was discovered in the
a) Tomb of the Leopards at Tarquinia
b) Tomb of the Reliefs at Cerveteri
c) Tomb of the Augurs at Tarquinia
d) Francois Tomb in Vulci
Answer: C
The Altar of Zeus at Pergamon was created during the
The Altar of Zeus at Pergamon was created during the
a) 3rd century BCE
b) 2nd century BCE
c) 1st century BCE
d) 1st century CE
Answer: B
This grave marker is in the shape of a vase known as a/an
This grave marker is in the shape of a vase known as a/an
a) lekythos
b) kylix
c) krater
d) amphora
Answer: D
Which of the following works BEST exemplifies what is known as "horror vacui"?
Which of the following works BEST exemplifies what is known as "horror vacui"?
a) Etruscan tomb paintings
b) Northern Song Chinese landscapes
c) Pueblo kiva paintings
d) Geometric Greek vases
Answer: D
This woven blanket depicts an image made by the Navajo as a sand painting, created for a ceremony called a
This woven blanket depicts an image made by the Navajo as a sand painting, created for a ceremony called a
a) chant
b) potlatch
c) libation
d) symposium
Answer: A
A krater is a Greek vase used for
A krater is a Greek vase used for
a) storage of wine or oil
b) mixing wine and water
c) a drinking cup
d) carrying water
Answer: B
This statue is a depiction of
This statue is a depiction of
a) Laocoon
b) Dionysos
c) Poseidon
d) Alkyoneos
Answer: A
The lower section of the funeral banner of Lady Dai shows the offerings and ceremonies devoted to her body soul, or
The lower section of the funeral banner of Lady Dai shows the offerings and ceremonies devoted to her body soul, or
a) qi
b) hun
c) po
d) bi
Answer: C
This image in this relief can BEST be described as a/an
This image in this relief can BEST be described as a/an
a) allegorical narrative
b) votive offering
c) historical event
d) genre scene
Answer: D
The jade suit of Prince Liu Sheng was created during the
The jade suit of Prince Liu Sheng was created during the
a) Zhou Dynasty
b) Qin Dynasty
c) Han Dynasty
d) Northern Song Dynasty
Answer: C
This tomb was created by the
This tomb was created by the
a) Etruscans
b) Greeks
c) Chinese
d) Egyptians
Answer: A
The depiction of the gigantomachy on the Pergamon frieze of the Altar of Zeus alludes to a war waged between the Hellenistic Greeks and the
The depiction of the gigantomachy on the Pergamon frieze of the Altar of Zeus alludes to a war waged between the Hellenistic Greeks and the
a) Goths
b) Gauls
c) Persians
d) Romans
Answer: B
This stele was created during the
This stele was created during the
a) 6th century BCE
b) 5th century BCE
c) 4th century BCE
d) 3rd century BCE
Answer: C
The strict, orderly placement of the Shaanxi terra-cotta soldiers within the tomb of Shi Huangdi reflects the emperor's adherence to the principles of
The strict, orderly placement of the Shaanxi terra-cotta soldiers within the tomb of Shi Huangdi reflects the emperor's adherence to the principles of
a) Daoism
b) Chan Buddhism
c) Neo-Confucianism
d) Legalism
Answer: D
This Greek statue was created during the
This Greek statue was created during the
a) Geometric period
b) Orientalizing period
c) Archaic period
d) Classical period
Answer: C
Edmund Burke's concept of the sublime influenced artists associated with what movement, art historical period, or style?
Edmund Burke's concept of the sublime influenced artists associated with what movement, art historical period, or style?
a) Renaissance
b) Rococo
c) Neoclassical
d) Romanticism
Answer: D
This work is part of a series of paintings commissioned by a/an
This work is part of a series of paintings commissioned by a/an
a) Spanish diplomat
b) Flemish merchant
c) Bavarian duke
d) Italian banker
Answer: B
In addition to painting on silk, Guo Xi also created
In addition to painting on silk, Guo Xi also created
a) sculptural works for Buddhist temples
b) jade carvings for the emperor's tomb
c) murals for imperial palaces
d) silk garments for the Silk Road
Answer: C
This "unknown" work was created by
This "unknown" work was created by
a) J. M. W. Turner
b) John Constable
c) Jacques Louis David
d) Eugene Delacroix
Answer: A
Adult male humans generally have deeper voices than do adult female humans, which is the direct result of higher levels of testosterone causing growth of the larynx. If the fossil records of apes and humans alike show a trend toward decreasing larynx size in adult females and increasing larynx size in adult males, then
Adult male humans generally have deeper voices than do adult female humans, which is the direct result of higher levels of testosterone causing growth of the larynx. If the fossil records of apes and humans alike show a trend toward decreasing larynx size in adult females and increasing larynx size in adult males, then
A) sexual dimorphism was developing over time in these species.
B) intrasexual selection seems to have occurred.
C) stabilizing selection was occurring in these species concerning larynx size.
D) selection was acting more directly upon genotype than upon phenotype.
Answer: A
During breeding season, one should expect female house finches to prefer to mate with males with the brightest red feathers. Which of the following terms are appropriately applied to this situation?
During breeding season, one should expect female house finches to prefer to mate with males with the brightest red feathers. Which of the following terms are appropriately applied to this situation?
A) sexual selection
B) mate choice
C) intersexual selection
D) Three of the responses are correct.
E) Two of the responses are correct.
Answer: D
In the wild, male house finches (Carpodus mexicanus) vary considerably in the amount of red pigmentation in their head and throat feathers, with colors ranging from pale yellow to bright red. These colors come from carotenoid pigments that are found in the birds' diets; no vertebrates are known to synthesize carotenoid pigments. Thus, the brighter red the male's feathers are, the more successful he has been at acquiring the red carotenoid pigment by his food-gathering efforts (all other factors being equal). During breeding season, one should expect female house finches to prefer to mate with males with the brightest red feathers. Which of the following is true of this situation?
In the wild, male house finches (Carpodus mexicanus) vary considerably in the amount of red pigmentation in their head and throat feathers, with colors ranging from pale yellow to bright red. These colors come from carotenoid pigments that are found in the birds' diets; no vertebrates are known to synthesize carotenoid pigments. Thus, the brighter red the male's feathers are, the more successful he has been at acquiring the red carotenoid pigment by his food-gathering efforts (all other factors being equal). During breeding season, one should expect female house finches to prefer to mate with males with the brightest red feathers. Which of the following is true of this situation?
A) Alleles that promote more efficient acquisition of carotenoid-containing foods by males should increase over the course of generations.
B) Alleles that promote more effective deposition of carotenoid pigments in the feathers of males should increase over the course of generations.
C) There should be directional selection for bright red feathers in males.
D) Three of the statements are correct.
E) Two of the statements are correct.
Answer: D
Sexual dimorphism is most often a result of
Sexual dimorphism is most often a result of
A) pansexual selection.
B) stabilizing selection.
C) intrasexual selection.
D) intersexual selection.
E) artificial selection.
Answer: D
Arrange the following from most general (i.e., most inclusive) to most specific (i.e., least inclusive): 1. natural selection 2. microevolution 3. intrasexual selection 4. evolution 5. sexual selection
Arrange the following from most general (i.e., most inclusive) to most specific (i.e., least inclusive):
1. natural selection
2. microevolution
3. intrasexual selection
4. evolution
5. sexual selection
A) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
B) 4, 2, 1, 3, 5
C) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3
D) 1, 4, 2, 5, 3
E) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3
Answer: C
The restriction enzymes of bacteria protect the bacteria from successful attack by bacteriophages, whose genomes can be degraded by the restriction enzymes. The bacterial genomes are not vulnerable to these restriction enzymes because bacterial DNA is methylated. This situation selects for bacteriophages whose genomes are also methylated. As new strains of resistant bacteriophages become more prevalent, this in turn selects for bacteria whose genomes are not methylated and whose restriction enzymes instead degrade methylated DNA. Over the course of evolutionary time, what should occur?
The restriction enzymes of bacteria protect the bacteria from successful attack by bacteriophages, whose genomes can be degraded by the restriction enzymes. The bacterial genomes are not vulnerable to these restriction enzymes because bacterial DNA is methylated. This situation selects for bacteriophages whose genomes are also methylated. As new strains of resistant bacteriophages become more prevalent, this in turn selects for bacteria whose genomes are not methylated and whose restriction enzymes instead degrade methylated DNA. Over the course of evolutionary time, what should occur?
A) Methylated DNA should become fixed in the gene pools of bacterial species.
B) Nonmethylated DNA should become fixed in the gene pools of bacteriophages.
C) Methylated DNA should become fixed in the gene pools of bacteriophages.
D) Methylated and nonmethylated strains should be maintained among both bacteria and bacteriophages, with ratios that vary over time.
E) Both the first and second responses are correct.
Answer: D
The restriction enzymes of bacteria protect the bacteria from successful attack by bacteriophages, whose genomes can be degraded by the restriction enzymes. The bacterial genomes are not vulnerable to these restriction enzymes because bacterial DNA is methylated. This situation selects for bacteriophages whose genomes are also methylated. As new strains of resistant bacteriophages become more prevalent, this in turn selects for bacteria whose genomes are not methylated and whose restriction enzymes instead degrade methylated DNA. The outcome of the conflict between bacteria and bacteriophage at any point in time results from
The restriction enzymes of bacteria protect the bacteria from successful attack by bacteriophages, whose genomes can be degraded by the restriction enzymes. The bacterial genomes are not vulnerable to these restriction enzymes because bacterial DNA is methylated. This situation selects for bacteriophages whose genomes are also methylated. As new strains of resistant bacteriophages become more prevalent, this in turn selects for bacteria whose genomes are not methylated and whose restriction enzymes instead degrade methylated DNA. The outcome of the conflict between bacteria and bacteriophage at any point in time results from
A) frequency-dependent selection.
B) evolutionary imbalance.
C) heterozygote advantage.
D) neutral variation.
E) genetic variation being preserved by diploidy.
Answer: A
What is true of natural selection?
What is true of natural selection?
A) Natural selection is a random process.
B) Natural selection creates beneficial mutations.
C) The only way to eliminate harmful mutations is through natural selection.
D) Mutations occur at random; natural selection can preserve and distribute beneficial mutations.
E) Mutations occur when directed by the good of the species; natural selection edits out harmful mutations and causes populations to adapt to the beneficial mutations.
Answer: D
If the original finches that had been blown over to the Galápagos from South America had already been genetically different from the parental population of South American finches, even before adapting to the Galápagos, this would have been an example of
If the original finches that had been blown over to the Galápagos from South America had already been genetically different from the parental population of South American finches, even before adapting to the Galápagos, this would have been an example of
A) genetic drift.
B) bottleneck effect.
C) founder effect.
D) all three of these.
E) both the first and third of these.
Answer: E
Swine are vulnerable to infection by bird flu virus and human flu virus, which can both be present in an individual pig at the same time. When this occurs, it is possible for genes from bird flu virus and human flu virus to be combined, thereby producing a genetically distinctive virus, which can subsequently cause widespread disease. The production of new types of flu virus in the manner described above is most similar to the phenomenon of
Swine are vulnerable to infection by bird flu virus and human flu virus, which can both be present in an individual pig at the same time. When this occurs, it is possible for genes from bird flu virus and human flu virus to be combined, thereby producing a genetically distinctive virus, which can subsequently cause widespread disease.
The production of new types of flu virus in the manner described above is most similar to the phenomenon of
A) bottleneck effect.
B) founder effect.
C) natural selection.
D) gene flow.
E) sexual selection.
Answer: D
Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing
Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing
A) nonrandom mating.
B) geographic isolation.
C) genetic drift.
D) gene flow.
Answer: D
Evolution
Evolution
A) must happen, due to organisms’ innate desire to survive.
B) must happen whenever a population is not well-adapted to its environment.
C) can happen whenever any of the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met.
D) requires the operation of natural selection.
E) requires that populations become better suited to their environments.
Answer: C
In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R = purple and r = white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple-flowering plants and 64 white-flowering plants. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population?
In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R = purple and r = white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple-flowering plants and 64 white-flowering plants. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population?
A) 0.36
B) 0.64
C) 0.75
D) 0.80
Answer: D
You sample a population of butterflies and find that 56% are heterozygous at a particular locus. What should be the frequency of the recessive allele in this population?
You sample a population of butterflies and find that 56% are heterozygous at a particular locus. What should be the frequency of the recessive allele in this population?
A) 0.07
B) 0.08
C) 0.09
D) 0.70
E) Allele frequency cannot be determined from this information.
Answer: E
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.1. What is the frequency of individuals with AA genotype?
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.1. What is the frequency of individuals with AA genotype?
A) 0.20
B) 0.32
C) 0.42
D) 0.81
E) Genotype frequency cannot be determined from the information provided.
Answer: D
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the percentage of the population that is heterozygous for this allele?
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the percentage of the population that is heterozygous for this allele?
A) 0.2
B) 2.0
C) 4.0
D) 16.0
E) 32.0
Answer: E
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele?
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele?
A) 0.09
B) 0.49
C) 0.9
D) 9.0
E) 49.0
Answer: D
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium must occur in populations wherein
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium must occur in populations wherein
A) an allele remains fixed.
B) no genetic variation exists.
C) natural selection is not operating.
D) All three of the responses above are correct.
E) Only two of the responses above are correct.
Answer: E
In the formula for determining a population’s genotype frequencies, the pq in the term 2pq is necessary because
In the formula for determining a population’s genotype frequencies, the pq in the term 2pq is necessary because
A) the population is diploid.
B) heterozygotes can come about in two ways.
C) the population is doubling in number.
D) heterozygotes have two alleles.
Answer: D
In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the 2 in the term 2pq is necessary because
In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the 2 in the term 2pq is necessary because
A) the population is diploid.
B) heterozygotes can come about in two ways.
C) the population is doubling in number.
D) heterozygotes have two alleles.
Answer: B
Whenever diploid populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at a particular locus
Whenever diploid populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at a particular locus
A) the allele's frequency should not change from one generation to the next, but its representation in homozygous and heterozygous genotypes may change.
B) natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift are acting equally to change an allele's frequency.
C) this means that, at this locus, two alleles are present in equal proportions.
D) the population itself is not evolving, but individuals within the population may be evolving.
Answer: A
How many of these statements regarding populations are true? 1. Mature males and females of a population can interbreed with each other. 2. Populations are sometimes geographically isolated from other populations. 3. Biological species are made up of populations. 4. Members of a population tend to be genetically more similar to each other than to members of other populations. 5. Populations have genomes, but not gene pools.
How many of these statements regarding populations are true?
1. Mature males and females of a population can interbreed with each other.
2. Populations are sometimes geographically isolated from other populations.
3. Biological species are made up of populations.
4. Members of a population tend to be genetically more similar to each other than to members of other populations.
5. Populations have genomes, but not gene pools.
A) Only one of these statements is true.
B) Two of these statements are true.
C) Three of these statements are true.
D) Four of these statements are true.
E) All five of these statements are true.
Answer: D
Which of the following is a true statement concerning genetic variation?
Which of the following is a true statement concerning genetic variation?
A) It is created by the direct action of natural selection.
B) It arises in response to changes in the environment.
C) It must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population.
D) It tends to be reduced by the processes involved when diploid organisms produce gametes.
E) A population that has a higher average heterozygosity has less genetic variation than one with a lower average heterozygosity.
Answer: C
Most invertebrates have a cluster of ten similar Hox genes, all located on the same chromosome. Most vertebrates have four such clusters of Hox genes, located on four nonhomologous chromosomes. The process that could have potentially contributed to the cluster's presence on more than one chromosome was ________.
Most invertebrates have a cluster of ten similar Hox genes, all located on the same chromosome. Most vertebrates have four such clusters of Hox genes, located on four nonhomologous chromosomes. The process that could have potentially contributed to the cluster's presence on more than one chromosome was ________.
A) binary fission
B) translation
C) gene duplication
D) nondisjunction
E) transcription
Answer: D
Rank the following one-base point mutations (from most likely to least likely) with respect to their likelihood of affecting the structure of the corresponding polypeptide: 1. insertion mutation deep within an intron 2. substitution mutation at the third position of an exonic codon 3. substitution mutation at the second position of an exonic codon 4. deletion mutation within the first exon of the gene
Rank the following one-base point mutations (from most likely to least likely) with respect to their likelihood of affecting the structure of the corresponding polypeptide:
1. insertion mutation deep within an intron
2. substitution mutation at the third position of an exonic codon
3. substitution mutation at the second position of an exonic codon
4. deletion mutation within the first exon of the gene
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 4, 3, 2, 1
C) 2, 1, 4, 3
D) 3, 1, 4, 2
E) 2, 3, 1, 4
Answer: B
Which statement about variation is true?
Which statement about variation is true?
A) All phenotypic variation is the result of genotypic variation.
B) All genetic variation produces phenotypic variation.
C) All nucleotide variability results in neutral variation.
D) All new alleles are the result of nucleotide variability.
E) All geographic variation results from the existence of clines.
Answer: D
The higher the proportion of loci that are "fixed" in a population, the lower is that population's
The higher the proportion of loci that are "fixed" in a population, the lower is that population's
A) nucleotide variability only.
B) genetic polyploidy only.
C) average heterozygosity only.
D) nucleotide variability, average heterozygosity, and genetic polyploidy.
E) nucleotide variability and average heterozygosity only.
Answer: E
A trend toward the decrease in the size of plants on the slopes of mountains as altitudes increase is an example of
A trend toward the decrease in the size of plants on the slopes of mountains as altitudes increase is an example of
A) a cline.
B) a bottleneck.
C) relative fitness.
D) genetic drift.
E) geographic variation.
Answer: A
In modern terminology, diversity is understood to be a result of genetic variation. Which of the following is a recognized source of variation for evolution?
In modern terminology, diversity is understood to be a result of genetic variation. Which of the following is a recognized source of variation for evolution?
A) mistakes in translation of structural genes
B) mistakes in protein folding
C) rampant changes to the dictionary of the genetic code
D) binary fission
E) recombination by crossing over in meiosis
Answer: E
Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence?
Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence?
A) mutation
B) nonrandom mating
C) genetic drift
D) natural selection
E) gene flow
Answer: C
Which statement about the beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major during prolonged drought is true?
Which statement about the beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major during prolonged drought is true?
A) Each bird evolved a deeper, stronger beak as the drought persisted.
B) Each bird's survival was strongly influenced by the depth and strength of its beak as the drought persisted.
C) Each bird that survived the drought produced only offspring with deeper, stronger beaks than seen in the previous generation.
D) The frequency of the strong-beak alleles increased in each bird as the drought persisted.
Answer: B
Which of these variables is likely to undergo the largest change in value as the result of a mutation that introduces a brand-new allele into a population's gene pool at a locus that had formerly been fixed?
Which of these variables is likely to undergo the largest change in value as the result of a mutation that introduces a brand-new allele into a population's gene pool at a locus that had formerly been fixed?
A) average heterozygosity
B) nucleotide variability
C) geographic variability
D) average number of loci
Answer: A
If, on average, 46% of the loci in a species' gene pool are heterozygous, then the average homozygosity of the species should be
If, on average, 46% of the loci in a species' gene pool are heterozygous, then the average homozygosity of the species should be
A) 23%.
B) 46%.
C) 54%.
D) There is not enough information to say.
Answer: C
During an individual organism's lifetime, which of these is most likely to help the organism respond properly to changes in its environment?
During an individual organism's lifetime, which of these is most likely to help the organism respond properly to changes in its environment?
A) microevolution
B) change in allele or gene frequency
C) change in gene expression
D) change in average heterozygosity
Answer: C
DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that
DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that
A) humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.
B) humans evolved from chimpanzees.
C) chimpanzees evolved from humans.
D) convergent evolution led to the DNA similarities.
E) humans and chimpanzees are not closely related.
Answer: A
The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data?
The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data?
A) Humans and bats evolved by natural selection, and whales evolved by Lamarckian mechanisms.
B) Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, but not in whales.
C) Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.
D) Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats.
E) Whales are not properly classified as mammals.
Answer: C
Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treat S. aureus infections in a community, all new infections were caused by MRSA. How can this result best be explained?
Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treat S. aureus infections in a community, all new infections were caused by MRSA. How can this result best be explained?
A) S. aureus can resist vaccines.
B) A patient must have become infected with MRSA from another community.
C) In response to the drug, S. aureus began making drug-resistant versions of the protein targeted by the drug.
D) Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.
E) The drug caused the S. aureus DNA to change.
Answer: D
Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification?
Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification?
A) Species diversity declines farther from the equator.
B) Fewer species live on islands than on the nearest continents.
C) Birds can be found on islands located farther from the mainland than the birds' maximum nonstop flight distance.
D) South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe.
E) Earthquakes reshape life by causing mass extinctions.
Answer: D
Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?
Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?
A) There is heritable variation among individuals.
B) Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
C) Species produce more offspring than the environment can support.
D) Individuals whose characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave more offspring than those whose characteristics are less well suited.
E) Only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive.
Answer: B
About 13 different species of finches inhabit the Galápagos Islands today, all descendants of a common ancestor from the South American mainland that arrived a few million years ago. Genetically, there are four distinct lineages, but the 13 species are currently classified among three genera. The first lineage to diverge from the ancestral lineage was the warbler finch (genus Certhidea). Next to diverge was the vegetarian finch (genus Camarhynchus), followed by five tree finch species (also in genus Camarhynchus) and six ground finch species (genus Geospiza).
About 13 different species of finches inhabit the Galápagos Islands today, all descendants of a common ancestor from the South American mainland that arrived a few million years ago. Genetically, there are four distinct lineages, but the 13 species are currently classified among three genera. The first lineage to diverge from the ancestral lineage was the warbler finch (genus Certhidea). Next to diverge was the vegetarian finch (genus Camarhynchus), followed by five tree finch species (also in genus Camarhynchus) and six ground finch species (genus Geospiza).
If the six ground finch species have evolved most recently, then which of these is the most logical prediction?
A) They should be limited to the six islands that most recently emerged from the sea.B) Their genomes should be more similar to each other than are the genomes of the five tree finch species.
C) They should share fewer anatomical homologies with each other than they share with the tree finches.
D) The chances of hybridization between two ground finch species should be less than the chances of hybridization between two tree finch species.
Answer: B
According to a 1999 study, the vegetarian finch is genetically no more similar to the tree finches than it is to the ground finches, despite the fact that it is placed in the same genus as the tree finches. Based on this finding, it is reasonable to conclude that the vegetarian finch
A) is no more closely related to the tree finches than it is to the ground finches, despite its classification.B) should be re-classified as a warbler finch.
C) is not truly a descendent of the original ancestral finch.
D) is a hybrid species, resulting from a cross between a ground finch and a tree finch.
Answer: A
A 14th species that descended from the original ancestral finch, the Cocos Island finch, is endemic to its namesake island, located 550 km off Costa Rica. The Cocos Island finch is genetically much more similar to the tree finches than is the vegetarian finch, yet it is classified in its own genus Pinarolaxias. Moreover, the Cocos Island finch and the vegetarian finch are the two finch species that are most genetically different from the ancestral Galápagos finch. Thus, if classification is to reflect evolutionary relationships, the vegetarian finch should
A) remain in the genus Camarhynchus.B) be switched from Camarhynchus to Certhidea.
C) be switched from Camarhynchus to Pinarolaxias.
D) be switched from Camarhynchus to Geospiza.
E) be placed in its own genus.
Answer: E
A high degree of endemism is most likely in environments that are
A high degree of endemism is most likely in environments that are
A) easily reached and heterogeneous.
B) isolated and heterogeneous.
C) isolated and homogeneous.
D) isolated and extremely cold.
E) easily reached and homogeneous.
Answer: B
If one wanted to find the largest number of endemic species, one should visit which of the following geological features (assuming each has existed for several millions of years)?
If one wanted to find the largest number of endemic species, one should visit which of the following geological features (assuming each has existed for several millions of years)?
A) an isolated ocean island in the tropics
B) an extensive mountain range
C) a midcontinental grassland with extreme climatic conditions
D) a shallow estuary on a warm-water coast
Answer: A
It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that
It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that
A) island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors.
B) common environments are inhabited by the same organisms.
C) the islands were originally part of the continent.
D) the island forms and mainland forms are converging.
E) island forms and mainland forms have identical gene pools.
Answer: A
What is true of pseudogenes?
What is true of pseudogenes?
A) They are composed of RNA, rather than DNA.
B) They are the same things as introns.
C) They are unrelated genes that code for the same gene product.
D) They are vestigial genes.
Answer: D
What must be true of any organ that is described as vestigial?
What must be true of any organ that is described as vestigial?
A) It must be analogous to some feature in an ancestor.
B) It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.
C) It must be both homologous and analogous to some feature in an ancestor.
D) It need be neither homologous nor analogous to some feature in an ancestor.
Answer: B
Both ancestral birds and ancestral mammals shared a common ancestor that was terrestrial. Today, penguins (which are birds) and seals (which are mammals) have forelimbs adapted for swimming. What term best describes the relationship of the bones in the forelimbs of penguins and seals, and what term best describes the flippers of penguins and seals?
Both ancestral birds and ancestral mammals shared a common ancestor that was terrestrial. Today, penguins (which are birds) and seals (which are mammals) have forelimbs adapted for swimming. What term best describes the relationship of the bones in the forelimbs of penguins and seals, and what term best describes the flippers of penguins and seals?
A) homologous; homologous
B) analogous; homologous
C) homologous; analogous
D) analogous; analogous
Answer: C
Ichthyosaurs were aquatic dinosaurs. Fossils show us that they had dorsal fins and tails, as do fish, even though their closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are
Ichthyosaurs were aquatic dinosaurs. Fossils show us that they had dorsal fins and tails, as do fish, even though their closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are
A) homologous.
B) examples of convergent evolution.
C) adaptations to a common environment.
D) Three of the responses above are correct.
E) Two of the responses above are correct.
Answer: E
Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar fashion to perform the same function. Which information would best help distinguish between an explanation based on homology versus one based on convergent evolution?
Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar fashion to perform the same function. Which information would best help distinguish between an explanation based on homology versus one based on convergent evolution?
A) The two species live at great distance from each other.
B) The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identical.
C) The sizes of the structures in adult members of both species are similar in size.
D) Both species are well adapted to their particular environments.
Answer: B
Which of the following statements most detracts from the claim that the human appendix is a completely vestigial organ?
Which of the following statements most detracts from the claim that the human appendix is a completely vestigial organ?
A) The appendix can be surgically removed with no immediate ill effects.
B) The appendix might have been larger in fossil hominids.
C) The appendix has a substantial amount of defensive lymphatic tissue.
D) Individuals with a larger-than-average appendix leave fewer offspring than those with a below-average-sized appendix.
E) In a million years, the human species might completely lack an appendix.
Answer: C
Logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree?
Logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree?
A) None of the organisms depicted by the tree ate the same foods.
B) Some of the organisms depicted by the tree had lived in different habitats.
C) The skeletal remains of the organisms depicted by the tree were incomplete (in other words, some bones were missing).
D) Transitional fossils had not been found.
E) Relationships between DNA sequences among the species did not match relationships between skeletal patterns.
Answer: E
Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth?
Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth?
A) All organisms require energy.
B) All organisms use essentially the same genetic code.
C) All organisms reproduce.
D) All organisms show heritable variation.
E) All organisms have undergone evolution.
Answer: B
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